Agglomeration of population and employment in the urbanization - industrialization interaction: The case of Izmir

As production and economic activities shaped the growth of cities during pre-industrial era, they are still most important factors explaining modern urbanization. Economic restructuring is being reshaped with agglomeration economies, bringing spatial it. Regional growth, emergence new centers foci formed in equilibria positive negative externalities agglomeration. Positive do not arise solely from internal economies scale related to such as easy accessibility region. It also results external scale, including localization On other hand, grow attractiveness large advantages decrease. Negative larger agglomerations may eventually lead decreasing returns cities. view regional science geography considers maintaining equilibrium between two competing forces, i.e., centripetal forces (agglomeration) centrifugal (dispersion). This study examines recent dispersion processes settlement pattern relationship urbanization growth. To so, we take Izmir a case use general explanatory variables population employment. Specifically, investigate city region metropolitan area by using employment data 2009 2019. Based on empirical results, discuss sub-regions, urban centers, clustering that emerged due well